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1.
J Ultrasound ; 20(4): 285-292, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29204232

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To estimate, on the basis of anthropometric and demographic variables, the depth (Dp) and diameter (Dm) of femoral and jugular vessels, which have been located and measured by ultrasound, in pediatric patients. METHOD: 750 measurements of Dp and Dm of the femoral vein (FV), femoral artery (FA) and internal jugular vein (IJV) were made in 125 pediatric patients. The values were correlated with patients' sex, weight, age, size and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS: Mean Dp values were 0.72 (0.34) cm for FA, 0.79 (0.35) cm for FV and 0.77 (0.24) cm for IJV. Mean antero-posterior Dm values were 0.37 (0.17) cm for FA, 0.42 (0.22) cm for FV and 0.59 (0.23) cm for IJV. In the studied pediatric patients, femoral and jugular vessels depth correlated with age, size, weight and BSA (R = 0.46-0.60); vascular depth could be estimated from patients' weight and size (FA-Dp: R = 0.71; FV-Dp: R = 0.72; IJV-Dp: R = 0.53). Correlation with diameter was better for FA and FV (R = 0.81-0.89) than for IJV (R = 0.42-0.51); vascular diameter could be estimated from patient's size (FA-Dm: R = 0.89; FV-Dm: R = 0.86; IJV-Dm: R = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS: FV, FA and IJV depth and diameter correlated with weight, size, age and body surface area in the studied pediatric patients. Correlation was better for femoral than for jugular vessels. Depth could be estimated from patients' weight and size, while diameter could be estimated from the size. Such estimations may facilitate the choice of vessels to be cannulated, length and diameter of cannulation needles and the diameter of catheters to be used in pediatric patients.


Assuntos
Veia Femoral/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Jugulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Tamanho Corporal , Superfície Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Veia Femoral/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Veias Jugulares/anatomia & histologia , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Estudos Prospectivos , Caracteres Sexuais
2.
Orthop Traumatol Surg Res ; 103(8): 1229-1234, 2017 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28987529

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Whiplash associated disorders are currently a common musculoskeletal problem. Besides the high incidence in western countries, the costs derived from prolonged treatment and medicolegal compensation, make this entity a challenging problem for clinicians and insurance companies. To date, no conservative treatment has shown clear superiority in the management of acute cases. HYPOTHESIS: Percutaneous needle electrolysis (PNE) is an effective approach for the treatment of Quebec type II acute whiplash syndrome (AWS). PNE consists in the application of brief galvanic currents into a damaged structure, producing a local controlled inflammatory response, with subsequent tissular healing enhancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred AWS patients were randomized into: (a) standard physiotherapy intervention for AWS; (b) a standardized PNE protocol for AWS. Both groups were assessed for treatment outcome at the 5th week mark. RESULTS: Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement according to the Northwick Park Neck Questionnaire, visual analogic scale and pressure pain threshold. The improvement was similar in both groups, except for the pain pressure threshold, with a 56.6% reduction vs. 44.4% reduction in favour of the PNE group (P=0.035). In addition, the physio group consumed a mean treatment time of 20hours, while the PNE intervention averaged less than 1 hour in total. DISCUSSION: PNE can be considered as an effective treatment option for AWS. Importantly, the technique is highly cost-effective, with limited equipment required and a notable treatment time reduction, compared to more comprehensive physiotherapy protocols. TYPE OF STUDY: Randomized controlled trial. LEVEL OF PROOF: 1b.


Assuntos
Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica , Traumatismos em Chicotada/terapia , Adulto , Tratamento Conservador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Limiar da Dor , Estudos Prospectivos , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção , Escala Visual Analógica , Traumatismos em Chicotada/classificação
3.
Med Intensiva ; 40(6): 364-70, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26746125

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Central vascular cannulation is not a risk-free procedure, especially in pediatric patients. Newborn and infants are small and low-weighted, their vascular structures have high mobility because of tissue laxity and their vessels are superficial and with small diameter. These characteristics, together with the natural anatomical variability and poor collaboration of small children, make this technique more difficult to apply. Therefore, ultrasound imaging is increasingly being used to locate vessels and guide vascular access in this population. OBJECTIVE: (a) To present a model that simulates the vascular system for training ultrasound-guided vascular access in pediatrics patients; (b) to ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in the model. RESULTS: The model consisted of two components: (a) muscular component: avian muscle, (b) vascular component: elastic tube-like structure filled with fluid. 864 ecoguided punctures was realized in the model at different vessel depth and gauge measures were simulated, for two medical operators with different degree of experience. The average depth and diameter of vessel cannulated were 1.16 (0.42)cm and 0.43 (0.1)cm, respectively. The average number of attempts was of 1.22 (0.62). The percentage of visualization of the needle was 74%. The most frequent maneuver used for the correct location, was the modification of the angle of the needle and the relocation of the guidewire in 24% of the cases. The average time for the correct cannulations was 41 (35.8)s. The more frequent complications were the vascular perforation (11.9%) and the correct vascular puncture without possibility of introducing the guidewire (1.2%). The rate of success was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: The model simulates the anatomy (vascular and muscular structures) of a pediatric patient. It is cheap models, easily reproducible and a useful tool for training in ultrasound-guided puncture and cannulation.


Assuntos
Cateterismo Venoso Central/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido
4.
Med Intensiva ; 35(6): 337-43, 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21496960

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated to morbidity-mortality in pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A review was made of the patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009. RESULTS: Of the 389 patients with head injuries, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age of these subjects was 67 (9) months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5 (1.8) and a PRISM score of 10.6 (6.7). Thirty-nine percent of the patients showed diffuse encephalic injury (DEI) in the computed tomography (CT) study. Seventy-nine percent of the patients subjected to intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP) presented intracranial hypertension. These patients had a greater incidence of serious sequelae (66.7 vs. 23.1%; p=0.01). Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 patients (34%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate among the patients with SHI was 24.7%, and mortality was significantly associated with a lower GCS score, hyperglycemia, intracranial hypertension and the presence of mydriasis or shock. The mortality rate associated to severe DEI was significantly higher than in the case of mild-moderate DEI (87.5 vs. 7.2%; p<0.001). The independent mortality risk factors in the pediatric patients with SHI were found to be the presence of mydriasis (OR: 31.27), intracranial hypertension (OR: 13.23) and hyperglycemia (OR: 3.10). CONCLUSIONS: a) SHI in pediatric patients was associated with high morbidity-mortality; b) intracranial hypertension was associated to the development of serious sequelae; c) independent mortality risk factors were the existence of mydriasis, intracranial hypertension and hyperglycemia.


Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/mortalidade , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos
5.
Med Intensiva ; 35(6): 331-6, 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21496963

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and evolutive characteristics of pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A review was made of the patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009. RESULTS: Of the 389 patients with head injuries admitted to the PICU during the study period, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age in this group was of 67±9 months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5±1.8 and a PRISM score of 10.7±6.7. The most frequent etiology of SHI was traffic accidents (56%), though these have decreased significantly in the last decade (58.5% vs 45.3%; P<.001). Twenty-one percent of the patients required evacuation of the lesions detected by computed tomography (CT), and 39% presented severe diffuse encephalic injury (DEI). Seventy-nine percent of the patients in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored presented intracranial hypertension. Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 patients (39%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate in this patient series was 24.7%. Intracranial hypertension decreased significantly in the last decade (88% vs 54%; P<.05), and clinical recovery has improved (23.3% vs 63.1%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: a) The incidence of traffic accidents has decreased in the last decade in the studied population; b) patients with SHI in which ICP was monitored showed a high incidence of intracranial hypertension; c) morbidity-mortality among pediatric patients with SHI has decreased over the course of the study period.


Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/epidemiologia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos
6.
Radiología (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 51(5): 477-486, sept.-oct. 2009. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-73761

RESUMO

Objetivos: Conocer los valores predictivos y la variabilidad interobservador de los descriptores y de las categorías diagnósticas del sistema BI-RADS- ecografía y su utilidad para predecir la malignidad de los nódulos sólidos mamarios. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron consecutivamente 601 nódulos sólidos de 554 pacientes evaluados mediante ecografía. Todas las ecografías fueron realizadas por alguno de los 3 radiólogos participantes en el estudio y las imágenes estáticas revisadas independientemente por los 3, sin conocimiento de la historia clínica, de la mamografía ni de la anatomía patológica. Resultados: Los descriptores que mejor predijeron la benignidad fueron el margen circunscrito y la formal oval (valor predictivo negativo [VPN] > 96%), la orientación paralela (VPN, 84–91%) y la interfase abrupta (VPN, 81–90%). Los que mejor predijeron la malignidad fueron el margen espiculado (valor predictivo positivo [VPP], 77–85%), el halo ecogénico (VPP, 61–71%) y la orientación antiparalela (VPP, 53–54%). Resultados: La concordancia interobservador fue buena para la morfología (k=0,61), el margen circunscrito (k=0,65) y las calcificaciones (k=0,63). Resultados: Los descriptores que presentaron los valores pronósticos más altos para la malignidad fueron el margen espiculado (odds ratio [OR] =14,68–10,45) y la orientación antiparalela (OR=3,95–6,17). Resultados: La categoría 3 mostró un excelente VPN para los 3 radiólogos (99–100%). La concordancia interobservador fue buena para las categorías 5 (k=0,77) y 3 (k=0,68) y moderada para la 4 (k=0,59). Conclusiones: El sistema BI-RADS-ecografía ayuda a diferenciar las lesiones mamarias benignas de las malignas con una concordancia interobservador buena o moderada. La categoría 3 mostró un excelente VPN, lo que permitiría evitar las biopsias de las lesiones incluidas en ésta (AU)


Objectives: To determine the predictive values and the interobserver variability of the descriptors and diagnostic categories of the BI-RADS- Ultrasound system and its usefulness for predicting malignancy in solid breast nodules. Material and methods: We evaluated 601 consecutive solid nodules in 554 patients studied with ultrasound. All ultrasound examinations were performed by one of the three radiologists that participated in the study and the static images were reviewed by all three radiologists independently; radiologists were blind to the clinical history and to the findings at mammography and at histological study. Material and methods: The descriptors that best predicted benignity were circumscribed margins and oval shape (NPV, > 96%), parallel orientation (NPV, 84%-91%), and abrupt interface (NPV, 81%-90%). The descriptors that best predicted malignancy were spiculated margins (PPV, 77%-85%), echogenic halo (PPV, 61%-71%), and nonparallel orientation (PPV, 53%-54%).Material and methods: Interobserver concordance was good for lesion shape (k=0.61), circumscribed margins (k=0.65), and calcifications (k=0.63).Material and methods The descriptors that presented the highest prognostic values for malignancy were spiculated margins (OR=14.68–10.45) and nonparallel orientation (OR=3.95–6.17) (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Ultrassonografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Ultrassonografia/tendências , Ultrassonografia , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Análise Multivariada , Fibroadenoma , Neoplasias Ductais, Lobulares e Medulares , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama
7.
Radiologia ; 51(5): 477-86, 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19604529

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the predictive values and the interobserver variability of the descriptors and diagnostic categories of the BI-RADS- Ultrasound system and its usefulness for predicting malignancy in solid breast nodules. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 601 consecutive solid nodules in 554 patients studied with ultrasound. All ultrasound examinations were performed by one of the three radiologists that participated in the study and the static images were reviewed by all three radiologists independently; radiologists were blind to the clinical history and to the findings at mammography and at histological study. RESULTS: The descriptors that best predicted benignity were circumscribed margins and oval shape (NPV, > 96%), parallel orientation (NPV, 84%-91%), and abrupt interface (NPV, 81%-90%). The descriptors that best predicted malignancy were spiculated margins (PPV, 77%-85%), echogenic halo (PPV, 61%-71%), and nonparallel orientation (PPV, 53%-54%). Interobserver concordance was good for lesion shape (kappa=0.61), circumscribed margins (kappa=0.65), and calcifications (kappa=0.63). The descriptors that presented the highest prognostic values for malignancy were spiculated margins (OR=14.68-10.45) and nonparallel orientation (OR=3.95-6.17). Final assessment category 3 yielded an excellent NPV for all three radiologists (99%-100%). The interobserver concordance was good for category 5 (kappa=0.77) and for category 3 (kappa=0.68); it was moderate for category 4 (kappa=0.59). CONCLUSIONS: The BI-RADS- Ultrasound system helps differentiate benign breast lesions from malignant ones and has a good or moderate interobserver concordance. Final assessment category 3 yielded an excellent negative predictive value, making it possible to avoid biopsies in lesions in this category.


Assuntos
Doenças Mamárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sistemas de Informação em Radiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Ultrassonografia , Adulto Jovem
8.
Actas Urol Esp ; 32(4): 406-10, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18540261

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Does delay from biopsy to surgery have any influence? OBJECTIVES: To determine wether WT may impact on the EBF (before one year) alter RRP in our series, and to study other factors that may impact on this issue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We study 310 RRP. Inclusion criteria are: one year follow up, no hormonal manipulation neither previous radiotherapy. Patients are divide in two groups attending WT. Group A < 90 days (n: 148), Group B > 90 days (n: 162). We study EBF (2 or more PSA determinations >= 0.2 ng/ml), and the impact of previous PSA, biopsy Gleason, Gleason of the specimen (G), pT stage (pT), and WT. T of Student or W of Wilcoxon are used to determine the homogeneity of the two groups. Chi Square of Pearson to compare the two group's EBF and pT attending to WT and EBF attending to pT. U of Mann Whitney is used to study EBF attending to G. Multivariate logistic regresion (LR) is used to study the impact of the variables on EBF. RESULTS: There are no differences between the two groups in age (p<0.129), PSA (p<0.479), biopsy's Gleason (p<0.913). There are no differences in EBF nor in pT attending to WT. Significant statystical differences are founded in EBF attending to pT and G. T3 tumors have more chance of recurrence than T2. EBF is more frecuent as G increases. In logistic regresion of the global serie, independent variables for progression are: Previous PSA and pT. Nor biopsy's Gleason nor specimen's Gleason, nor WT, impact on the EBF. CONCLUSIONS: Biopsy Gleason and WT do not impact on EBF. WT do not impact on pT. In our serie differences on EBF are lead by previous PSA and pT. Also Gleason of the especimen seems to impact on EBF, but in lower proportion, with no significance in multivariate analysis.


Assuntos
Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Prostatectomia , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Falha de Tratamento
9.
Actas urol. esp ; 32(4): 406-410, abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-63140

RESUMO

Objetivos: Estudiar diferentes factores que pueden influir en la recidiva bioquímica precoz (RBP) (primer año tras cirugía), tras prostatectomía radical retropúbica (PRR). Material y métodos: Estudiamos 310 PRR. Criterios de inclusión: al menos un año de seguimiento, ausencia de bloqueo hormonal o radioterapia previa. Los pacientes fueron divididos inicialmente en 2 grupos según el tiempo de espera. Grupo A <90días (n: 148), Grupo B > 90 días (n: 162). Estudiamos RBP (2 o más determinaciones de PSA >= 0,2 ng/ml) y la influencia del PSA previo, el Gleason de la biopsia, el Gleason del espécimen, estadio pT, y tiempo de espera. Para estudiar la homogeneidad existente entre los dos grupos usamos la t de Student o W de Wilcoxon. Estudiamos la RBP y el estadio pT en los dos grupos usando la chi cuadrado de Pearson, que también nos sirve para estudiar en los dos grupos la RBP en relación al estadio pT. El test de la U de mann-Whitney lo usamos para estudiar en la serie global la RBP según el Gleason del espécimen. Por último se realiza una Regresión logística multivariante para estudiar la influencia de todas las variables en la RBP en la serie global. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias entre los dos grupos en edad (p< 0,129), ni PSA (p< 0,479), ni Gleason de biopsia(p<0,913). No se encontraron diferencias en RBP ni en estadio pT según el tiempo de espera. Hallamos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en RBP si estudiamos estadio pT y Gleason de la pieza. Los T3 tienen más incidencia de recurrencia que losT2 y hay más incidencia de RBP según aumenta el Gleason de la pieza. En la regresión logística de la serie global las variables independientes de progresión son: PSA previo y estadio pT. Ni el Gleason de la biopsia ni el Gleason del espécimen, ni el tiempo de espera entre biopsia y cirugía influyen en la RBP. Conclusiones: El Gleason de la biopsia y el tiempo de espera no influyen en la RBP. El tiempo de espera tampoco influye en el estadio T final. En nuestra serie las diferencias en RBP vienen dadas por el PSA previo y pT. El Gleason del espécimen parece influir en la RBP, pero en menor proporción sin significado en el análisis multivariante (au)


Objectives: To determine wether WT may impact on the EBF (before one year) alter RRP in our series, and to study other factors that may impact on this issue. Material and methods: We study 310 RRP. Inclusion criteria are: one year follow up, no hormonal manipulation neither previous radiotherapy. Patients are divide in two groups attending WT. Group A < 90 days (n: 148), Group B > 90 days (n: 162). We study EBF (2 or more PSA determinations >= 0.2 ng/ml), and the impact of previous PSA, biopsy Gleason, Gleason of the specimen (G), pT stage (pT), and WT. T of Student or W of Wilcoxon are used to determine the homogeneity of the two groups. Chi Square of Pearson to compare the two group’s EBF and pT attending to WT and EBF attending to pT. U of Mann Whitney is used to study EBF attending to G. Multivariate logistic regresion (LR) is used to study the impact of the variables on EBF. Results: There are no differences between the two groups in age (p< 0.129), PSA (p< 0.479), biopsy´s Gleason (p<0.913). There are no differences in EBF nor in pT attending to WT. Significant statystical differences are founded in EBF attending to pT and G. T3 tumors have more chance of recurrence than T2. EBF is more frecuent as G increases. In logistic regresion of the global serie, independent variables for progression are: Previous PSA and pT. Nor biopsy´s Gleasonnor specimen´s Gleason, nor WT, impact on the EBF. Conclusions: Biopsy Gleason and WT do not impact on EBF. WT do not impact on pT. In our serie differences on EBF are lead by previous PSA and pT. Also Gleason of the especimen seems to impact on EBF, but in lower proportion, with no significance in multivariate analysis (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Prostatectomia/métodos , Antígeno Prostático Específico/análise , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Biópsia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco
10.
An. med. interna (Madr., 1983) ; 24(10): 467-472, oct. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-058770

RESUMO

Objetivo: Los objetivos de este estudio multicéntrico fueron evaluar las características clínicas y microbiológicas de pacientes que ingresaron en servicios de Medicina Interna y analizar los factores que influyeron en la mortalidad a los 30 días. Método: Se recogieron antecedentes personales de cada paciente, síntomas y signos, patrón radiológico y parámetros analíticos incluyendo albúmina y proteína C reactiva (PCR). También se registró el número de horas que transcurrieron hasta que se instauró la primera dosis de antibiótico y el seguimiento en días. Los pacientes fueron estratificados en cinco clases de riesgo según el Pneumonia Severity Index. Resultados: Se incluyeron 389 pacientes la mayoría distribuidos en las clase III a V de Fine. La mortalidad global fue del 12,1% (48 pacientes) elevándose al 40% en los pacientes de la clase V. Ni la edad, ni el sexo, ni el número de horas transcurrido hasta la primera dosis de tratamiento antibiótico influyeron en la mortalidad a los 30 días. Tampoco los niveles de PCR en plasma ni el conocer o no el diagnóstico microbiológico. Los pacientes orientados (OR 0,138, IC95% 0,055-0,324)y con mayores niveles de albúmina (OR 0,207, IC95% 0,103-0,417) tuvieron mejor supervivencia .La presencia de carcinoma activo (OR 3,2, IC95% 1,181-8,947) predijo tambien de forma independiente la mortalidad. Conclusiones: Concluimos que además de los parámetros universalmente aceptados de Fine, debería utilizarse la albúmina para seleccionar a aquellos pacientes en los que el pronóstico podría ser peor


Aims: the aims of the present study were to evaluate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients suffering from communityacquired pneumonia attended in the Internal Medical Departments of several Spanish institutions and to analyze those prognostic factors predicting thirty-day mortality in such patients. Material and methods: Past medical history, symptoms and signs, radiological pattern and blood parameters including albumin and C Reactive Protein, were recorded for each patient. Time from admission to starting antibiotics (in hours) and follow-up (in days) were also recorded. Patients were stratified by the Pneumonia Severity Index in five risk classes. Results: 389 patients were included in the study, most of them in Fine categories III to V. Mortality rate for all patients was 12.1% (48 patients), increasing up to 40% in Fine Class V. Neither age, sex nor time from admission to the start of antibiotic treatment predicted survival rates. Plasmatic levels of PCR or microbiologic diagnosis were not related to clinical outcome. In the Cox regression analysis, oriented patients (OR 0.138, IC95% 0.055-0.324), and those with normal albuminemia (OR 0.207, IC95% 0.103-0.417) showed better survival rates. On the contrary, those with active carcinoma (OR 3.2, IC95% 1.181-8.947) significantly showed a reduced life expectancy. Conclusion: Besides the fully accepted Fine scale criteria, albumin measurements should be included in routine evaluation in order to improve patient’s prognostic classification


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Humanos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Prognóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Albuminas
11.
Actas urol. esp ; 31(1): 23-28, ene. 2007. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-053767

RESUMO

Objetivo. Comparar la evolución de los pacientes con tumor de urotelio superior (TUS) en los cuales realizamos, durante la nefroureterectomía, abordaje clásico abierto de desinserción del uréter distal con aquellos en los que realizamos abordaje endoscópico. Estudiamos el índice de recurrencias vesicales en cada grupo y los factores que pueden influir en la evolución. Material y métodos. Se realiza una revisión retrospectiva de las nefroureterectomías realizadas en nuestro Servicio en los últimos 20 años. Se dividen en dos grupos. Grupo A (n: 29): doble incisión (lumbar y pélvica), Grupo B (n: 24): abordaje endoscópico del uréter distal e incisión lumbar clásica. Se realiza en primer lugar un estudio descriptivo en el que se expone: sexo y edad del paciente, antecedentes de resección vesical previa por tumor (RTU-V), lado del TUS, y localización (cálices, pelvis o uréter). También revisamos estadio patológico y grado tumoral. En segundo lugar se realiza una revisión de las recidivas vesicales en cada grupo. Para establecer posibles diferencias utilizamos el Test exacto de Fisher. Resultados. Observamos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en términos de recurrencias vesicales a favor del grupo B (p<0.036), lo que significa que existen menos recidivas vesicales en nuestra serie en el grupo de cirugía endoscópica. Sin embargo debido a la inhomogeneidad de los grupos en estadio, grado y localización tumoral, esta diferencia parece más bien atribuible a estas características, más que a la vía de abordaje como factor independiente. En lo referente a la relación entre la recidiva vesical y antecedentes de RTU-V no hemos encontrado diferencias entre los grupos pero si existe diferencia en la serie global. El escaso número de recurrencias (13) no nos permite establecer una conclusión clara en este problema, aunque parece que el antecedente de neoplasia previa de vejiga influye en la posibilidad de recurrencia vesical. Conclusiones. En nuestro resultado el abordaje endoscópico en la nefroureterectomía por TUS parece influir en la posterior aparición de menos recidivas en vejiga, sin embargo la muestra es corta y los grupos no son homogéneos porque el abordaje del uréter no se ha aleatorizado por razones éticas obvias. Si parece existir relación entre la existencia de antecedentes de RTU-V y la aparición de recidivas posteriores, como mostramos en la serie global. En cualquier caso son necesarios estudios prospectivos randomizados multicéntricos para conocer si el abordaje del uréter distal influye en la posterior aparición de recidivas vesicales


Objective. To compare evolution in patients with urothelial upper tract tumor (UUTT) in whom we performed the classic open approach to the distal ureter with those in whom whe performed the endoscopic approach. We study the bladder recurrences in each group and the factors which may influx on the evolution. Material and methods. Retrospective review of nephroureterectomies in our department in the last 20 years. Group A (n:24): double incision (lumbar and pelvic incision), Group B (n:29): endoscopical approach of the distal ureter and classic lumbar incision. A descriptive study is first performed in which we review: sex, and patients age, background transuretral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), UUTT side, and UUTT location (calices, pelvis or urether). Pathological stage and tumor grade are also exposed. Secondly, a review of the bladder recurrences in each group is performed In order to find differences between de groups we used the Fisher´s Exact test. Results. We observed that in terms of bladder recurrence there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups favoring Group B (p< 0.036), which means that there are less bladder recidives when perform endoscopic approach of distal ureter. Noneless due to the groups inhomogeneity in tumor stage, grade, and location, this differences seem to be associated to these sigues, more than to the approach to the ureter as an independant variable. In that concerning to the eventual relationship between bladder recidive and background of previous TURBT, we have not found any differences between the two groups but there are statystically significant difference in the global series. The small number of recurrences (13) does not allow us to establish a well based conclusion on this issue, but it seems that the background of previous TURBT is an important factor that may influx in posterior bladder recurrences. Conclusions. In our results, endoscopic approach of distal ureter in nephroureterectomy for UUTT does seems to positively influx in the posterior chance of bladder recurrences. But the studied sample is small and the two groups have not been aleatorized because of ethical reasons. May the low number of cases affect the test´s statistical potency. It seems that previous TURBT may conditionate these recurrences, as we show in global serie. It should be necessary a prospective and statistically analised multicenter trial to understand if distal ureter approach influx on the evolution of these tumors


Assuntos
Humanos , Urotélio/patologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Nefrectomia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia
12.
An Med Interna ; 24(10): 467-72, 2007 Oct.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18271649

RESUMO

AIMS: the aims of the present study were to evaluate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients suffering from community-acquired pneumonia attended in the Internal Medical Departments of several Spanish institutions and to analyze those prognostic factors predicting thirty-day mortality in such patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Past medical history, symptoms and signs, radiological pattern and blood parameters including albumin and C Reactive Protein, were recorded for each patient. Time from admission to starting antibiotics (in hours) and follow-up (in days) were also recorded. Patients were stratified by the Pneumonia Severity Index in five risk classes. RESULTS: 389 patients were included in the study, most of them in Fine categories III to V. Mortality rate for all patients was 12.1% (48 patients), increasing up to 40% in Fine Class V. Neither age, sex nor time from admission to the start of antibiotic treatment predicted survival rates. Plasmatic levels of PCR or microbiologic diagnosis were not related to clinical outcome. In the Cox regression analysis, oriented patients (OR 0.138, IC95% 0.055-0.324), and those with normal albuminemia (OR 0.207, IC95% 0.103-0.417) showed better survival rates. On the contrary, those with active carcinoma (OR 3.2, IC95% 1.181-8.947) significantly showed a reduced life expectancy. CONCLUSION: Besides the fully accepted Fine scale criteria, albumin measurements should be included in routine evaluation in order to improve patient s prognostic classification.


Assuntos
Pneumonia/mortalidade , Idoso , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/complicações , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Feminino , Departamentos Hospitalares , Humanos , Medicina Interna , Masculino , Pneumonia/complicações , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos
13.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 64(10): 486-489, nov. 2006. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-050009

RESUMO

Antecedentes: La evolución de los estudios cineantropométricos ha permitido determinar que para obtener la composición corporal de un sujeto sólo sea necesario estudiar los componentes graso y muscular. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo valorar la composición corporal en escolares canarios mediante cineantropometría e impedancia, y comparar ambas técnicas de medida. Métodos: Diseño: estudio transversal. Sujetos: escolares canarios de entre 6 y 16 años de edad residentes en Gran Canaria y Tenerife. Selección de la muestra: muestreo, aleatorio estratificado simple, a partir de una población infinita de niños entre 6 y 16 años de edad, con un nivel de significación del 95% y un margen de error del 5%, y de p=q=0,5. El tamaño de la muestra obtenido a justado en función del porcentaje esperado de pérdidas es de 549 alumnos. Tratamiento estadístico: paquete informático SPSS 11.0. Se considera significativo el valor de p>=0,5. Comparación de los sistemas de medida mediante un modelo de regresión no lineal (método de Marquardt). Resultados: Hemos estudiado a 563 escolares: 254 niños y 309 niñas. Los dos procedimientos tienden a coincidir asintóticamente. El coeficiente de determinación para el porcentajede grasa ( A2) es de 0,93 y paral a masal ibre de grasa el A2 es de 0,63. Conclusiones: El modelo de regresión no lineal aplicado a un programa informático permite estimar la composición corporal corregida mediante datos obtenidos por impedancia, método con buena reproducibilidad a diferencia de la cineantropometría


Background: Kinanthropometric studies affirm that, to assess an individual's body composition, it is only necessary to establish his or her fat and muscle components. The purpose of this study was to assess body composition among school children from the Canary Islands by means of kinanthropometry and impedance, and to compare the two measuringte chniques. Methods: Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Canary Island school children between the ages of 6 and 16 living on Gran Canaria and Tenerife. Sample selection: Stratified simple random sampling, from an infinite population of children between the ages of 6 and 16, with a level of significance of 95% and amargin of error of 5%,assuming that p=q=0.5. The required sample size, after adjustment for expected losses, was 549 school children. Statistical treatment: SPSS 11.0 statistical analysis application. A p value less than or equal to 0.5 was considered significant. The measuring systems were compared by means of a nonlinear regression model (the Marquardtm ethod). Results: We assessed 563 school children: 254 boys and 309 girls. The two procedure stended to coincide asymptotically. The coefficient of determination (A2) was 0.93 for the percentage of body fat and 0.63 for tal-free body mass. Conclusion: The application of the nonlinear regression model to a software application enables the estimation of corrected body composition on the basis of data obtained by means of impedance, which, unlike kinanthropometry, is a method with good reproducibility


Assuntos
Humanos , Composição Corporal , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Antropometria/métodos , Impedância Elétrica , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Tecido Adiposo
14.
Med. intensiva (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 27(3): 155-161, mar. 2003. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-24280

RESUMO

Describir las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes pediátricos con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave (TCEG) y los factores asociados con la mortalidad.Revisión de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de medicina intensiva pediátrica (UMIP) con TCEG en el período comprendido entre julio de 1983 y enero de 2001.De los 262 pacientes con TCE ingresados en nuestra unidad durante el período de estudio, presentaron TCEG 125 (48 por ciento). La edad media de este grupo fue de 69,1 (41,5) meses, con una puntuación media en la escala de Glasgow (GCS) de 5,4 (1,8). El 43 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron lesión encefálica difusa (LED) grave en la TAC.En 32 pacientes (26 por ciento) se objetivaron secuelas de relevancia clínica, que fueron graves en un 66 por ciento de los casos. Un 75 por ciento de los pacientes en los que se monitorizó la presión intracraneal (PIC) presentaron hipertensión endocraneal (HTC). La mortalidad de los pacientes con TCEG fue de un 29 por ciento y se asoció de forma significativa a una menor puntuación del GCS, a la existencia de hiperglucemia o HTC, a la presencia de midriasis o shock y a la necesidad de ventilación mecánica. La mortalidad de la LED grave fue significativamente más elevada que la LED leve-moderada (69 frente a 6 por ciento; p < 0,001) y que la lesión focal (69 frente a 26 por ciento; p < 0,001). Los factores responsables de la mortalidad de forma independiente en los pacientes pediátricos con TCEG fueron la existencia de midriasis (p = 0,001), shock (p = 0,03) y LED grave en la TAC (p = 0,08).La morbimortalidad de la población estudiada con TCEG coincide globalmente con la mayoría de las series publicadas; b) la menor puntuación en la escala de Glasgow y la mayor afección en la TAC inicial se asociaron a una mayor mortalidad; c) los pacientes con TCEG en los que se monitorizó la PIC presentaron una alta incidencia de HTC; d) los factores de riesgo causantes de mortalidad fueron la midriasis, el shock y la lesión encefálica difusa grave en la TAC (AU)


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/mortalidade , Evolução Clínica , Prognóstico , Respiração Artificial , Respiração Artificial/mortalidade , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/epidemiologia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/classificação , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/terapia
15.
Rev. esp. enferm. metab. óseas (Ed. impr.) ; 11(5): 171-177, sept. 2002. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-21229

RESUMO

Fundamento. Existen trabajos con resultados discrepantes sobre la repercusión que la ingesta moderada de alcohol puede tener sobre el metabolismo mineral óseo. Por ello, en el presente estudio analizamos el efecto que esta sustancia produce sobre la densidad mineral ósea, los marcadores bioquímicos de remodelamiento óseo, algunas hormonas calciotropas y la prevalencia de fracturas, en una población de mujeres postmenopáusicas. Método. A 974 mujeres postmenopáusicas estudiadas consecutivamente se les realizó un cuestionario dirigido y se determinó la densidad mineral ósea por absorciometría dual con rayos X (DEXA) en columna lumbar y extremidad proximal de cadera y por tomografía cuantitativa computarizada (TCC) en columna lumbar. Asimismo se estudiaron los marcadores bioquímicos de remodelado óseo y se recogió la existencia de fracturas osteoporóticas, tanto por la historia clínica (Colles, cadera) como por radiografía (Rx) de columna dorso-lumbar (vertebrales).Resultados. Las mujeres que ingieren cantidades moderadas de alcohol tienen valores más elevados de densidad mineral ósea en la columna lumbar, tanto por DEXA (0,890 ñ 0,158 g/cm2 frente a 0,856 ñ 0,147 g/cm2) como por TCC (122,1 ñ 46,3 mg/cc frente a 113,1 ñ 48 mg/cc), p < 0,05 en todos los casos.En la cadera se obtuvo el mismo resultado en el cuello femoral y trocánter, pero no fue así en otras áreas, como el intertrocánter, el total de cadera y el triángulo de Ward. Cuando se efectuaron las comparaciones de los Z-score las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas en columna lumbar por TCC y en cuello femoral por DEXA, pero no en columna lumbar por DEXA. La prevalencia de valores densitométricos de normalidad, osteopenia y osteoporosis fue similar entre las mujeres que ingerían cantidades moderadas de alcohol y las abstemias y la prevalencia de fracturas fue similar en ambos grupos (odds ratio: 0,858; 0,606; 1,331).Conclusión. La ingesta moderada de alcohol produce un pequeño, pero significativo, incremento en la densidad mineral ósea de la mujer postmenopáusica. No existe una menor frecuencia de osteoporosis y tampoco una reducción en la prevalencia de fracturas. Por ello creemos que no puede aceptarse que el alcohol, ingerido en cantidades moderadas, tenga un efecto protector sobre el hueso (AU)


Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/etiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Etanol/farmacocinética
16.
Med. intensiva (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 25(2): 47-52, feb. 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1636

RESUMO

Objetivo: Evaluar en términos de calibración y discriminación el comportamiento del índice de riesgo de mortalidad pediátrica (PRISM) y del índice de mortalidad pediátrica (PIM), en la población ingresada en una unidad de medicina intensiva pediátrica (UMIP).Métodos: Se estudian prospectivamente a 235 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en una UMIP durante un período de tiempo de un año. Se calculó la mortalidad esperada basada en la puntuación PRISM y PIM en todos los pacientes, comparándola con la mortalidad observada. Se realizó un análisis de calibración y discriminación mediante las pruebas de bondad de ajuste y medida del estadístico 2 de Lemeshow-Hosmer. Se determinó la sensibilidad y especificidad de cada modelo, así como el área bajo la curva ROC (AUC) y el cociente de clasificación correcta total (CCT). Se utilizaron los programas SPSS 9.0 y Medcalc. Resultados: El 56,2 por ciento de la población analizada fueron varones. La edad media fue de 48,2 (51,2) meses. La mortalidad de la población fue de 13 pacientes (5,5 por ciento). El PRISM medio fue de 6,61 (6,22). La sensibilidad de ambos índices fue del 84,6 por ciento, mientras que la especificidad del PRISM fue del 91,4 por ciento y la del PIM del 93,2 por ciento. Las predicciones de mortalidad del PRISM presentaron un valor de 2 de 3,05 y un valor de p de 0,93.Las predicciones de mortalidad del PIM presentaron un valor 2 de 5,5 y un valor de p de 0,69. El AUC y el error estándar fueron de 0,93 (0,04) (intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento: 0,89-0,96) para el PRISM y de 0,92 (0,05) (intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento: 0,88-0,95) para el PIM. Conclusiones: a) Los dos índices utilizados, PRISM y PIM, presentaron gran exactitud en la predicción de la mortalidad en la población estudiada; b) la capacidad de los dos modelos para discriminar entre pacientes que sobreviven y pacientes que fallecen fue igualmente muy elevada, y c) la principal ventaja objetivada fue la facilidad en la aplicación del PIM (AU)


Assuntos
Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Criança , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências
17.
Gerokomos (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 11(3): 148-151, sept. 2000. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-8099

RESUMO

En el campo de los cuidados de enfermería dispensados a los pacientes portadores de úlceras por presión es necesario destacar los que inciden en el control y evolución de dichas lesiones mediante la medición y cuantificación de las superficies cutáneas que se ven incursas en la situación mencionada. En la bibliografía se recogen diversas alternativas para dar satisfacción a dicho requerimiento. Nosotros planteamos en este trabajo un estudio comparativo de diversos métodos de medición de las superficies cutáneas, en los pacientes afectos de úlceras por presión, que nos ha permitido descartar alguno de ellos tras el análisis estadístico correspondiente de las diversas variables. Por el contrario, con respecto a otros métodos de medición de superficies ulcerativas hemos comprobado su validación estadística aunque alguno de los utilizados ha mostrado menos exactitud que otro propuesto por nosotros concluyendo, finalmente, que es necesario aplicar un método que permita al profesional de enfermería alcanzar objetivos de rapidez, eficacia y fiabilidad así como la posibilidad del registro protocolizado (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Avaliação em Enfermagem
18.
Arch. Soc. Esp. Oftalmol ; 75(5): 315-320, mayo 2000.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-6481

RESUMO

Objetivo: El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las alteraciones que se producen en las fibras del nervio óptico del animal de experimentación al inducirle diabetes mediante la inyección intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina. Comparar las características morfométricas y morfológicas de las fibras nerviosas de los animales enfermos con respecto a los sanos y según el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Método: Se emplearon 24 ratas de la cepa Sprague Dawley de dos meses de edad. Se indujo diabetes en la mitad de ellas y se dejaron como control el resto. A las seis semanas se sacrificó a la mitad de los animales de cada grupo y el resto a las doce semanas de iniciado el estudio. Se extrajeron ambos nervios ópticos de cada animal y se realizó un estudio morfométrico y morfológico mediante microscopia electrónica. Resultados: Se observó un retraso en el crecimiento de las fibras de los nervios de los animales diabéticos respecto a los sanos y alteraciones morfológicas que sugieren degeneración y muerte de cierto número de fibras en los animales diabéticos. Conclusiones: La diabetes experimental induce cierto grado de degeneración axonal en las fibras del nervio óptico, así como retraso en el crecimiento de las mismas (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Modelos Animais , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Axônios , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Nervo Óptico , Doenças do Nervo Óptico
19.
An Esp Pediatr ; 50(5): 485-90, 1999 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10394188

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to perform an updated analysis of the incidence and risk factors during pregnancy and labor related to obstetrical brachial palsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of all cases of brachial palsy associated with birth detected in our hospital between January 1994 and March 1998 was performed. Data recorded included age of mother, parity, gestational age at the moment of birth, type of birth, presentation, duration of delivery, sex of child, weight, Apgar test at 5 minutes, arterial pH of umbilical cord, type of brachial palsy, side affected and association with other injuries. RESULTS: Thirty cases of brachial palsy associated with birth were diagnosed. The incidence was 1.04%. In addition to a high birth weight, other factors related to the increase in the incidence of obstetric brachial palsy were the presence of dystocia of shoulders at birth, the use of forceps and Apgar and pH under the usual limits. No case of distal paralysis was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the influence of the risk factors known in the development of brachial palsy associated with birth. However, it also establishes doubts about the etiology of traction as the only cause. In addition, it stresses the necessity of adequate birth planning of babies suspected of being macrosomic.


Assuntos
Plexo Braquial/lesões , Paralisia Obstétrica/diagnóstico , Luxação do Ombro/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Paralisia Obstétrica/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Luxação do Ombro/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia
20.
Eur J Epidemiol ; 14(6): 555-61, 1998 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9794122

RESUMO

Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most significant risk factors for viral hepatitis (B, D and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, there is little information about the risk of infection among non-injection drug users (non-IDUs). The present study was designed to perform several objectives: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B, D, C virus and HIV in IDU and non-IDU patients; (b) to compare the prevalence of these markers between both groups; (c) to identify risk factors for HCV and HIV in this population; and (d) to correlate the presence of HCV and liver function. A total of 385 consecutive patients (122 IDUs and 263 non-IDUs), admitted to the Drug Dependency Treatment Unit at the Hospital Insular of Gran Canaria between 1993 to 1994, were included in the study. The serological markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV were determined by ELISA and immunoblot methods. In all cases we also measured syphilis tests (RPR and FTAabs), serum aminotransferases and serum gammaglutamiltranspeptidase. Compared to the non-IDU, the IDU group presents a higher prevalence of antiHBc (55.0% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.0001), antiHCV (87.6% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.0001) and antiHIV (21.8% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in RPR positivity (0.9% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.06). Delta infection was only detected in injection drug users, and the prevalence was low. Using logistic regression, the only risk factors associated with antiHCV positivity were injection drug addiction (OR: 9.2, 95% CI: 4.9-17.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.0-9.9). Similarly, the associated risk factors for HIV were injection drug addiction (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.3-15.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.5-9.2). However, no correlation was found between antiHCV positive and antiHIV or between these markers and RPR positivity. Patients positive for antiHCV showed significant elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, when compared with patients negative for antiHCV: 65.0 vs. 39.2 U/l (p < 0.001) and 88.4 vs. 40.3 U/l (p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that drug users have an elevated prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV infection, even if drug use is only inhalated. On the other hand, the main risk factors associated with HCV and HIV are injection drug addiction and exposure to hepatitis B virus. Finally, in the study population, liver dysfunction is closely related to HCV infection.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite D/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Biomarcadores/análise , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Intervalos de Confiança , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Soroprevalência de HIV , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite D/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Testes de Função Respiratória , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Distribuição por Sexo , Espanha/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/virologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/virologia
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